If you’re fascinated by the sea, passionate about surfing and ocean adventures, and dreaming of a destination with stunning beaches and world-renowned surf breaks, it’s time to start planning your trip to Peru. Here, riding the waves is much more than just a sport—it’s a rich culture, a tradition, and a point of pride.

Peru’s extensive coastline provides a magnificent setting for surfing all year round. And if you’re heading to Lima, the only South American capital with a sea view, you can catch some waves any time of day at the nearby and accessible beaches of Costa Verde.

If that isn’t enough to persuade you to visit our sun-scorched coastal strip, here’s more: the Pico Alto wave in Punta Hermosa (a beach town south of Lima) is one of the best big wave spots on the continent.

Here are some more details: did you know that the world’s longest left-hand wave forms from April to October at Chicama (in the La Libertad region) and stretches over two kilometres? Or that the challenging and aggressive waves of Máncora (in the Piura region) draw surfers from all over the globe?

Just a few details that show Peru is a sand and sea destination. As a popular song says, “in these lands of the Inca, illuminated by the sun because God commands it,” challenging the waves is a practice rooted in the legendary times of pre-Hispanic civilizations.

Come on, dive into surfing the Peruvian seas and experience something radical, intense, and unforgettable. We’re sure you won’t regret it. We look forward to seeing you!

Historical Waves

Local surfers proudly share that waves have been ridden on the northern beaches of Peru long before modern surfboards arrived at the Waikiki Club in Lima, thanks to its founder, the renowned Carlos Dogny Larco.

It was in 1942 that surfing pioneers began to attract the attention of capital city holidaymakers. Gradually, the novel activity gained popularity, so much so that the first championships were held in Peruvian waters in 1950.

The skills of Peruvian surfers gained global recognition in 1965 when Felipe Pomar won the World Surfing Championships. This was the first in a series of successes by our surfers in various competitions.

Over the years, the passion of these athletes led them to explore new surf spots. Their journeys were crucial for spreading the sport and boosting the subsequent tourism development of coastal destinations.

But that’s just part of the story. There’s another, much older narrative that drifts between myth and legend, explaining the origins of two pre-Incan coastal cultures in northern Peru that flourished between 750 and 1400 AD.

Legend has it that Naylamp and Tacaynamo, the founders of the Lambayeque and Chimú cultures, sailed the Pacific in reed rafts made from totora, an aquatic plant that grows in the wetlands and lagoons of Peru’s coast and highlands.

Since then, the descendants of these figures have preserved the tradition of “weaving” their boats, known as “caballitos de totora“ (little reed horses) by Spanish conquerors. Due to their millennia-old significance, these rafts have been part of the National Cultural Heritage since August 27, 2003.

If you, as a travelling surfer, make your way to the beaches of Huanchaco (La Libertad region) and Pimentel (Lambayeque region) during your visit to Peru, you’ll see fishermen “riding” the waves just as Naylamp and Tacaynamo did.

They straddle their boats to “ride” the waves, using the curved and pointed bow of their “water steeds.” Would you be up for navigating on this ancient precursor to modern surfboards?

The Stars of Peruvian Surfing

With so much sea and great waves, it’s no coincidence that Peruvian surfers shine in continental and global competitions.

Their successes are a source of national pride and a powerful motivation for children and young people to take up the sport, with the hope of representing the country in oceans and seas around the world.

For this reason and many others, when you surf in Peru, you’ll be riding the waves alongside a sea of champions, a sea that has honed the skills and technique of the following athletes:

• Felipe Pomar, the Legendary Champion: As a pioneer and tireless promoter of surfing in Peru, Felipe Pomar made history by becoming the first Latin American to win the World Surfing Championships. His remarkable achievement in 1965 is remembered fondly and continues to inspire new generations of surfers.
• Sofía Mulánovich, the Queen of the Sea: In 2004, Sofía, also known as “La Gringa“ became the first Peruvian and Latin American to win the World Surfing Championships in the women’s category. As an Olympic athlete in Tokyo 2020, her successful career has inspired countless young girls to take up surfing with hopes of becoming professionals.
• Gabriel Villarán, the Big Wave Master: Known for his pursuit of massive waves, Gabriel Villarán tests his courage and skill in the world of Big Wave Surfing. Respected globally, he is also a two-time Latin American champion with the Asociación Latinoamericana de Surfistas Profesionales (ALAS) (2005-2006 season) and a World Surfing Championship runner-up (ISA Billabong 2010).
• Lucca Mesinas, Born to Surf: It’s almost as if Lucca was born riding waves. Born in 1996 in Máncora, one of Peru’s renowned coastal destinations, Lucca’s sporting career shines with gold medals from the Lima 2019 and Santiago 2023 Pan American Games. He also earned fifth place at the Tokyo 2020 Olympics.
• Miguel Tudela, South America’s Best: Miguel Tudela’s impressive performances in World Surf League (WSL) tournaments make him one of Peru’s standout surfers. In the 2022-2023 season, Tudela was crowned South American champion of the WSL Latinoamérica, becoming the first Peruvian male surfer to achieve this title.

Where to surf in Peru

The waves in Lima

Makaha

It’s perfect for starting your adventure on the Peruvian coast and experiencing your first thrills in the Pacific. Close and accessible from Lima’s Historic Centre, Makaha is a beach with consistent waves suitable for surfers of all levels.

When you visit this beach in the touristy Miraflores district, chat with the local surfers and treat your taste buds at the nearby restaurants. If you’re missing any gear, don’t worry—there are specialized shops where you can find everything you need to get out on the water.

La Herradura

Another favourite spot for surfers along the Costa Verde, as the beaches of Lima Bay are known, is La Herradura. According to those with long memories, it was here that young pioneers gathered in search of an extra adrenaline rush during the summer months (December to March).

Since then, its long, powerful wave has been an excellent option at any time of the year. A strong reason to explore this beach in the Chorrillos district, located 19 kilometres from Lima’s Historic Centre.

Don’t worry about the distance. The beach is quite well-known, so you’ll have no trouble getting there. At the end of the day, we recommend rewarding your effort with a visit to one of the local restaurants that add flavour to La Herradura.

Punta Rocas

If you want to feel like one of the pioneers of modern surfing in Peru, visit this beach with consistent and powerful waves, located 45 kilometres south of Lima’s Historic Centre.

The waves at Punta Rocas (in the district of the same name) were among the first where both local and international surfers began competing back in the 1960s.

This reputation continues to this day. Countless local and international tournaments and championships are held at this iconic beach, where the waves crash over the rocks.

Punta Hermosa

From gentle, accessible waves to the formidable swells of seven and eight metres at Pico Alto—that’s what you’ll find in Punta Hermosa, an exceptional destination 42 kilometres south of Lima. Here, beginner surfers and those seeking the extreme challenges of Big Wave Surfing share the waves.

In Punta Hermosa, you’ll not only enjoy the Pacific surf but also have the chance to try other ocean activities, such as open water swimming and snorkelling.

If you want to stay overnight, you won’t have any trouble. The area offers a wide range of accommodations and restaurants to suit various tastes and preferences.

Surfing in the north

Chicama

If you want to ride the left wave considered the longest in the world, you need to head to Chicama or Malabrigo, a world-class point located 30 kilometres north of Trujillo, the capital of the La Libertad region.

The “Chicama waves” are consistent and stretch over two kilometres when the weather conditions are ideal. To have an incredible experience in the northern seas of Peru, visit Malabrigo between April and October. This is the best season to ride the long, famous left at Chicama.

In this ideal destination for both local and international surfers, you’ll find accommodations and several restaurants where you can enjoy exquisite seafood and share experiences and stories with other surfers.

Lobitos

Before becoming a beach destination, Lobitos was a camp for oil industry workers. From its heyday (1900 to 1968), some old pinewood houses remain, giving the town a unique charm.

With consistent waves and chilly water (thanks to the Humboldt current), Lobitos is known for its breakpoints. Here, you can not only enjoy surfing but also try kitesurfing.

Due to its proximity to Piura, the regional capital (70 km south), and Máncora (58 km north), Lobitos is an excellent alternative, especially if you’re seeking tranquillity and great waves.

Máncora

Sun, white sandy beaches, clear waters, spectacular waves, and a vibrant nightlife—these are the attractions of Máncora, an old fishing village turned tourist hotspot where travellers from various nationalities come to enjoy.

Even if you don’t know how to surf, you’re in luck. Máncora has several specialised schools where you can learn the basics of surfing.

So, there’s no excuse. Plan your trip to this district in the Talara province, located 181 kilometres from Piura, the regional capital. The road trip takes about three hours.

As a constantly growing destination, you’ll have a wide range of hotels, restaurants, nightclubs, and surf-related businesses to choose from, along with other marine activities that will make your stay in this Pacific gem even more enjoyable.

Adventure in the South

La Isla

Its long, consistent waves are perfect for intermediate and advanced surfers looking to hone their skills on a beach away from the crowds.

With its clear waters and stunning scenery, La Isla is the ideal getaway for surfing in Camaná, one of the coastal provinces in the Arequipa region—a land of volcanoes and deep canyons.

The drive from Arequipa, the regional capital known as the “White City,” takes about three hours.

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The lake, the islands, the faith, the dances, the altitude… and also the cold. These are just a few highlights of a destination that combines legendary history, vibrant culture, untamed nature, and devotion expressed through processions and prayers, music and dance.

Puno, the “Lakeside City” and the “Folkloric Capital of Peru,” is a challenging destination at 3,800 metres above sea level. Along with Cusco and Arequipa, it forms part of the Southern Circuit, a tourist route that attracts, surprises, and fascinates hundreds of thousands of visitors from all over the world.

What are you waiting for? Grab your suitcase, dust off your backpack, and venture to Puno. But before you go, make sure to include the 10 recommended spots in your itinerary. Visit them… you’ll love it!

1. Explore Lake Titicaca

Watch the sunset, sail in a reed boat, explore the Uros, Taquile, or Amantaní islands, and hear the legend of Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo—the founders of the Inca Empire. These are just a few of the activities that will excite you at the highest navigable lake in the world.

Lake Titicaca—whose sovereignty is shared by Peru and Bolivia—is the heart of the Altiplano. In Puno, it’s impossible to ignore. It’s always there, captivating gazes and attracting visitors who can’t resist the temptation to sail on its intensely blue waters.

With an area of 8,372 square kilometres, the lake is more than just a tourist attraction. It’s life, energy, history, and home to Quechua, Aymara, and mestizo communities, as well as to travellers who, despite the challenges of altitude sickness, are embraced by the warmth of their hosts, the children of Titicaca.

2. Discover the Uros Islands

Invented islands “woven” in the legendary waters of Lake Titicaca, where the descendants of an ancient people create islands and build archipelagos, houses, and boats from totora, a resilient aquatic plant.

This is the heritage of the Uros, “an indigenous people located in the bay of Puno, whose majority population has settled for centuries on enormous totora rafts known as floating islands…” as explained in the Indigenous Peoples Database of the Ministry of Culture of Peru.

Skilled fishermen, bird hunters, and artisans, the Uros preserve their traditions and invite travellers to experience their small totora world on the highest navigable lake in the world.

3. Admire the textile art of Taquile

An island where weaving has been an art form since pre-Hispanic times. A Quechua community where solidarity is the foundation of social relations. A welcoming, picturesque, and immersive destination with memorable views of Lake Titicaca.

On Taquile Island, you’ll see men weaving with sticks at the doors of their houses or in the communal square. You’ll also find them on either side of the long stone staircase that connects the lakeside to the tranquil urban area.

Take your time climbing or descending its 567 steps. Remember, the island is at 3,950 m a.s.l. and if you tire yourself out too much, you may not have the energy to visit the workshops where you can find jumpers, scarves, chullos (traditional Andean hats), and the splendid belt-calendars.

Bold and colourful, the weavers create belts featuring iconographic designs that represent the island’s history and oral traditions, depicting the rituals and agricultural activities that take place throughout the year.

4. Stay overnight on Amantaní

Sharing the daily life of the people on this island in Lake Titicaca is an intensely enriching experience, offering insights into the culture, daily activities, and worldview of the Quechua men and women.

Farmers and fishermen, the residents of Amantaní – the second largest island on Lake Titicaca – provide visitors with an immersive experience. They will welcome you with warmth and kindness into their homes, so for one or more nights, you’ll become part of their family.

In Amantaní (3,800 m a.s.l.), you should walk up to the ceremonial hills of Pachamama and Pachatata, where you can find archaeological remains and witness ongoing ceremonies in tribute to Mother Earth.

Your efforts will be rewarded with spectacular views of Lake Titicaca. Have your camera ready and set your sights on the lake’s horizon, where the snow-capped peaks of the Cordillera Real (Bolivia) stand out.

5. Explore the Sillustani necropolis

“Why?” … that’s the question you’ll find yourself asking as you gaze at the enormous chullpas (stone funerary towers) erected by the Collas, a pre-Incan highland people, to honour and remember their powerful rulers.

“Why?” … you’ll keep asking as you realise there are many of them (91 in total), some in the shape of inverted cones, and the largest one reaches 12 metres in height, known as the lizard chullpa for its carved reptile figure.

Sillustani is an archaeological site 34 km from Puno, where death became eternal through the colossal chullpas and the area’s geographic beauty. You’ll come to understand this when you discover the shimmering Umayo Lagoon.

6. Stroll through the streets of Puno

Whether before or after sailing on Lake Titicaca or heading to the chullpas of Sillustani, you should set aside some time to explore the high altitude streets of Puno, the capital of the region of the same name.

A great place to start is the Plaza de Armas of the “Highland City,” where you’ll find the Basilica Cathedral of San Carlos Borromeo. Built between 1669 and 1757, this baroque-style temple features indigenous influences.

Nearby, you’ll find the colonial mansion with the notable balcony of the Count of Lemos—the oldest in the region—and the Carlos Dreyer Municipal Museum, which houses important collections in its eight rooms that will take you through national and regional history.

You can extend your tour to the viewpoints of Huajsapata and Puma Uta, which offer panoramic views of the city. And if you want to experience Puno’s commercial pulse, visit the colourful and diverse Central Market, where trying the trout ceviche and other regional dishes is almost a must.

7. Celebrate the Virgin of Candelaria

The biggest festival of the Peruvian highlands takes place in Puno in honour of the Virgin of Candelaria. Thousands of dancers and musicians “take over” the city streets, creating an outpouring of faith, colour, and movement with their rhythmic steps and dazzling costumes.

In February, Puno prays, dances, and toasts for the miracles granted by Mamacha Candelaria in a celebration that combines religiosity with the diverse cultural expressions of the “Folkloric Capital of Peru.”

The competitions and the processions in honour of the Virgin — whose image is in the Church of San Juan — are the highlights of a Catholic celebration that, with its joy and fervour, feels like an endless carnival.

8. Relax in Capachica

Rest, delicious food, and even a paradise beach—yes, a beach on the highest navigable lake in the world—are just some of the attractions of the Capachica Peninsula, located 62 kilometres from Puno.

Although many might be hesitant to take a dip at Chifrón Beach, everyone enjoys its fine sand, relaxing tranquillity, and scenic beauty. Here, the waters of Lake Titicaca are irresistible, and you’ll want to sail on the boats that set off from the sustainable tourism ventures.

Make sure to take the opportunity to buy local crafts and sample the best dishes of Puno’s cuisine. Also, pay close attention to the traditional outfits of your hosts—they’re quite striking.

9. Visit the Temple of Fertility

In the province of Chucuito (18 kilometres from the city of Puno), there is an archaeological site with unique features in Peru. Its name is Inka Uyu, and its peculiarity lies in the 20 phallic sculptures preserved within.

Yes, stone phallic symbols in a pre-Hispanic site that sparks debate and controversy regarding its purpose. Was it really a temple associated with reproduction and fertility, or, as the Aymara word (uyu) suggests, a place or courtyard of the Inca?

Regardless of the interpretations, visiting Inka Uyu and exploring Chucuito, the “City of the Royal Boxes,” is always a great idea. You’ll be charmed by its cobbled streets, colonial architecture, and panoramic views of Lake Titicaca.

10. Head up to the Kuntur Wasi viewpoint

If you want a privileged view of Puno and Lake Titicaca, you’ll need to conquer the 620 steps of the Kuntur Wasi viewpoint, which means “House of the Condor” in Quechua.

Located at 3,990 m a.s.l. and 2 kilometres from the centre of Puno, this impressive viewpoint features a prominent metal sculpture of a condor, a mythological bird of great significance in the Andean worldview.

If you’re up for it, make the most of your visit by exploring nearby routes that offer different perspectives of the city and the lake. All of them are stunning and unforgettable.

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Acute mountain sickness, also known as soroche or altitude sickness, is neither a myth nor an urban legend designed to scare off travellers exploring Peru’s high-altitude tourist destinations. These locations are situated thousands of metres above sea level.

Sometimes, headaches, nausea, dizziness, and difficulty breathing, among other symptoms, can give tourists a “warm welcome” as they traverse our mountainous country.

If you happen to be one of them, don’t be afraid. These discomforts shouldn’t ruin your holiday. Remember that most of the time, these symptoms will fade once your body acclimatises to the altitude.

But, as the saying goes, “forewarned is forearmed,” so we’ll provide you with a series of tips to help prevent or lessen the effects of soroche. This way, you can make the most of your time in Cusco, Puno, Arequipa, and other high-altitude cities.

Peru, a high-altitude destination.

If your itinerary in our country includes Cusco, please note that the Plaza de Armas in the historic Inca capital is situated at 3,399 metres above sea level.

Altitude levels vary within the city and at nearby attractions, such as the Vinicunca Rainbow Mountain, which exceeds 5,000 m a.s.l. and Humantay Lake, at 4,200 m a.s.l.

A simple tip to counteract acute mountain sickness is to avoid very high altitudes in the first days of your trip. For example, before visiting Cusco, spend a few days in a mid-altitude city like Arequipa (2,335 m a.s.l.) to allow your body to adjust to the changes.

Apply the same principle if your itinerary includes the Andean mountains or other high-altitude locations, such as the city of Puno and the islands of Lake Titicaca.

What is altitude sickness?

The first thing you should know is that no one is immune to altitude sickness. Even experienced mountaineers can experience it. In fact, people born at high altitudes can also be “victims” of soroche when they return to their homeland after spending several days at lower elevations.

While no one is completely exempt, the truth is that most travellers are not affected by altitude sickness or experience only very mild symptoms. So, try not to worry too much. Remember that a great way to stay well is to think as little as possible about acute mountain sickness.

If you are in good health, have a decent level of fitness, and take certain precautionary measures (we’ll provide you with several tips later), your body is likely to adjust without significant issues.

But what exactly is soroche? The answer is simple: it’s a condition that arises when we visit high-altitude areas without prior acclimatisation. This causes our body to struggle with the reduced availability of oxygen in the air.

What are the symptoms of altitude sickness?

Before starting your holiday in Peru, it’s important to be aware of the most common symptoms of soroche. This way, you’ll be able to detect it quickly and take the necessary steps to recover as soon as possible.

If you experience one or more of the following symptoms, it’s quite likely that you’ve been affected by altitude sickness, as we say in Peru:

• Mild to severe headache.
• Weakness, general fatigue, and tiredness.
• Dizziness and a feeling of vertigo. If you have these symptoms, avoid excursions and stay at your accommodation.
• Difficulty breathing and a sensation of shortness of breath while walking.
• Stomach discomfort, such as heaviness and nausea.
• Loss of appetite. This could lead to a deficiency of valuable nutrients for your body.
• Insomnia. Headaches and the feeling of breathlessness can make it difficult to sleep.

The first few hours at high altitude are crucial. We recommend resting upon arrival, eating light meals, and staying hydrated. If, despite these measures, soroche hits you hard, seek specialised medical attention.

What causes altitude sickness?

Everything has a reason and an explanation. In the case of acute mountain sickness, scientists explain that in high-altitude areas, atmospheric pressure decreases, which means there are fewer oxygen molecules in the air.

So, how will this reduction affect you? The answer is straightforward: when you breathe, fewer oxygen molecules enter your body, triggering a range of discomforts.

If the altitude change is too rapid—for example, a flight from Lima to Cusco—your body won’t have enough time to adjust to the lower oxygen levels, increasing the likelihood of experiencing soroche.

Another aspect to consider is that some people are more susceptible to altitude sickness due to individual differences or a history of respiratory or heart conditions.

If you have any special medical conditions, consult your doctor before going on holiday.

What are the risk factors?

There are several factors that increase the risk of experiencing the discomforts of soroche. The main ones are as follows:

• Living at sea level or in lowland areas (below 900 m a.s.l.). Your body is not accustomed to high-altitude air, which increases the risk of experiencing soroche symptoms.
• Engaging in intense physical activities (such as hiking or climbing). Your body will require more oxygen, and since it is not acclimatised, you are more likely to feel the effects of the altitude.
• Lack of proper hydration and nutrients. Dehydration and inadequate nutrition will weaken your body, making it more susceptible to the adverse effects of high altitude.
• Having a heart or respiratory condition. If you have such conditions, you are more exposed to experiencing severe symptoms of soroche.
• If you’re not acclimatised to the altitude, avoid excessive alcohol consumption and very late nights. Overindulgent toasts and lack of rest can exacerbate acute mountain sickness.

What should I do to prevent soroche?

• Take Sorojchi Pills or a similar supplement before heading to high altitude. These are designed to prevent symptoms by stimulating and improving oxygenation in the body.
• Consume coca leaf tea (mate de coca). This traditional drink will boost your energy, reduce fatigue, and help alleviate soroche symptoms.
• Stay hydrated. Drinking plenty of water is crucial for preventing or managing the symptoms of acute mountain sickness.
• Rest and sleep as much as possible until your body acclimatises. Long nights without proper rest can exacerbate altitude sickness.
• Avoid alcohol and caffeine. Both substances can contribute to dehydration.
• Avoid overeating. Digestion is slower at high altitudes, so it’s best to eat light meals and avoid fatty foods.
• Remember, acclimatisation is a gradual process. Be cautious in your activities until you feel completely well.

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The seven colours of the rainbow have become a flag, fluttering in the sky over Cusco. Many travellers, upon seeing it, mistakenly believe it to be the emblem of LGBTQ+ pride, which piques their curiosity to learn more about this symbol that can be a source of controversy.

Amidst the curiosity of some and the confusion of others, it is crucial to understand that, despite their obvious similarities, the Cusco flag and the LGBTQ+ pride flag represent different identities and struggles.

Both symbols express the history and heritage of specific communities, as well as reflecting their values, beliefs, and struggles. Each flag holds a deep and personal significance for those who recognise it as their own.

Understanding this meaning is essential for promoting tolerance and comprehension between different cultures and identity groups.

With this goal in mind, this article will help you distinguish the significance of the Cusco flag from that of the LGBTQ+ movement. A full recognition of each will contribute to the promotion of diversity and inclusion in our globalised society.

Did the Incas have flags?

Like other pre-Columbian cultures, the children of the Sun did not have flags in the modern sense of the word. In this part of the world, peoples and civilizations developed complex systems of visual communication and symbolism.

María Rostworowski, a Peruvian historian and researcher, notes that while there were no flags in ancient Peru, the Incas used a variety of visual symbols to represent their authority and imperial identity.

Emblems, standards, and textile symbols were used in ceremonies, rituals, and battles to identify military units or represent royal authority.

The concept of a flag in the Andean world, as we understand it today, would emerge with the arrival of the Spanish and the subsequent development of modern nation-states.

A contemporary flag

It was somewhat unusual that Cusco, a city with such deep cultural roots, did not have a flag. The lack of a symbol to serve as a factor of integration and identity was why a local radio station organised a competition to create one in 1973.

The initiative was met with enthusiasm by the listeners of Radio Tahuantinsuyo, who were eager to have a flag that would represent the Inca history and identity of their land.

The winning design featured seven horizontal stripes of equal size in rainbow colours, symbolising the cultural and natural diversity of the city and the empire founded by Manco Capac and Mama Ocllo.

On June 9, 1978, Mayor Gilberto Muñiz Caparó officially adopted it as the flag of Cusco. Since then, it has been used in official events, civic ceremonies, regional festivals, and social protests.

LGBTQ+: The Other Rainbow

Similar designs, but not identical and, to avoid confusion, we will teach you how to differentiate them:

Far from Cusco, on June 25, 1978, American artist and gay activist Gilbert Baker created the famous flag that represents the diversity and inclusion of the LGBTQ+ community (lesbians, gays, bisexuals, transgender, and queer individuals).

First displayed at the San Francisco Pride March, Baker was inspired by the rainbow, a colourful, beautiful, and universally recognisable natural phenomenon.

The original design featured eight stripes, each with its own meaning: pink (sex), red (life), orange (healing), yellow (sun), green (nature), turquoise (art and magic), blue (serenity), and violet (spirit). In 1979, the pink and turquoise stripes were removed.

Beyond the number of stripes, the flag is a widely recognised symbol of solidarity and support for the struggle for LGBTQ+ rights in a world that still discriminates against, criminalises, and persecutes people with different sexual orientations and gender identities.

What are the differences between the two flags?

Similar designs, but not identical. To avoid confusion, we’ll show you how to distinguish between them:

• The Cusco flag features seven horizontal stripes of equal size in vibrant colours. These are typically arranged as follows: red, orange, yellow, green, light blue, dark blue, and violet.
• Since 2021, the Cusco flag also includes the Sun of Echenique, a pre-Hispanic artifact that serves as the city’s symbol and coat of arms.
• The LGBTQ+ flag, on the other hand, has six horizontal stripes. The order of its colours is: red, orange, yellow, green, light blue, and violet. While there are variations in the number and order of the stripes, the basic design is widely recognised as the symbol of the LGBTQ+ community.

The Importance of Recognising the Flags

• Differentiating the flags will help you understand the significance and importance of each one. This will prevent misunderstandings and show your respect towards the communities represented by both symbols.
• It will also enable you to better grasp the context in which they are used and appreciate their significance to the people of Cusco and the LGBTQ+ community.
• Recognising both the Cusco flag and the LGBTQ+ flag promotes and fosters cultural diversity, inclusion, tolerance, and respect for sexual identity. All these values contribute to creating a fairer and more supportive society.

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Captivated by the beauty, mystique, and cosmopolitan vibe of Cusco’s historic and urban heart, travellers focus on the cast-iron fountain topped with the image of the Inca, the Renaissance façade of the Cathedral, and the stone-arched portals.

They also take the opportunity to buy a craft or two, enjoy a good local or international dish, and finally, sit on a bench to watch time go by and perhaps make friends with whom to share their experience in the ancient Huacaypata, as the current Main Square was once known.

But these aren’t the only attractions. The square holds some hidden secrets and fascinating details often overlooked. We invite you to delve into these curiosities that will transport you through the time and history of ancient Cusco.

1. The commemorative plaque for Tupac Amaru II

In 1780 and 1781, the rebellious cry of Tupac Amaru II shook the Cusco mountains and the foundations of the Viceroyalty of Peru, which extended over much of South America.

The indigenous leader, born José Gabriel Condorcanqui in Surimana (Canas province, Cusco), began his uprising on November 4, 1780, in Tinta with the capture of the corregidor Antonio de Arriaga.

After several clashes, Tupac Amaru II was captured on April 6, 1781. In May, the official José Antonio de Arreche issued a condemning sentence against Tupac Amaru II, his wife Micaela Bastidas, and their key supporters.

The sentence was carried out on May 18 in Cusco’s Main Square. That day, the leader’s limbs were tied to four horses. They intended to dismember him but failed. Ultimately, he was decapitated.

Tupac Amaru II’s suffering is commemorated by a plaque located in the main hall of the National University of San Antonio Abad in Cusco, honouring one of the most significant leaders of indigenous resistance in Spanish America.

2. The Cathedral Clock

When you stand in front of the Cathedral, take a close look at the clock on its façade, and you’ll notice the hours are marked with Roman numerals. Pay special attention to the number four, and you might be surprised.

In the Cathedral’s clock, the number four isn’t written as IV, but as IIII. Is this an error that no one dared correct for centuries?

The answer is no. It’s known that early mechanical clocks used IIII for visual symmetry. This is one theory. Another suggests a clockmaker made a mistake, angering a king who had him executed.

Following this tragedy, his colleagues— in a brave act of rebellion— began using IIII on all their clocks.

3. The Rodney Collin Plaque

“Here Rodney Collin gave his life to project harmony, May 3, 1956,” reads a plaque on the floor of the left nave of Cusco Cathedral.

Few notice it, and those who do may not know that Collin was a British mystic thinker and writer, renowned for his interest in esoteric philosophy and traditional wisdom.

His writings on the Fourth Way blend psychology, mysticism, and personal development. His thoughts remain influential in esoteric and philosophical circles.

Collin’s connection to Cusco ended tragically. On May 3, 1956, as noted on the plaque, the British mystic suffered a heart attack and fell from the Cathedral’s bell tower.

This marked the end of a life devoted to spiritual exploration and mystical teachings. Collin left behind works such as The Development of Light and The Theory of Celestial Influence, which explore spiritual evolution, consciousness, and the purpose of human life.

4. The Inca Who Was an Apache

An Apache Instead of an Inca on the Ornamental Fountain in the Main Square It’s hard to believe, but it’s true: an Apache once adorned the ornamental fountain in Cusco’s Main Square. This unusual situation occurred last century when American Albert Giesecke, rector of the National University of San Antonio Abad in Cusco, bought a sculpture of a North American Indian in Philadelphia.

Various accounts exist, but it’s clear that the sculpture was placed atop the Republican-style cast-iron fountain, which was purchased from the American company Janes, Kirtland & Co and installed in the square in 1872, where it remained for years.

In 2011, however, the Apache figure was removed by Cusco’s mayor, Luis Flórez, who replaced it with a representation of an Inca to better reflect the city’s historical roots.

This decision sparked debate: some viewed it as an attack on the city’s historical and cultural heritage, while others saw it as a rightful reclaiming of Andean and pre-Columbian roots.

Regardless of the controversy, the statue now depicts Manco Capac, the first Inca ruler, and remains a major feature of the Main Square. Be sure to snap a photo and remember this intriguing chapter of Cusco’s history.

5. Foundation Inscription

When Cusco was threatened by Manco Inca’s rebellious forces, Santiago Apóstol is said to have descended from the heavens to fight alongside the conquistadors.

This narrative mirrors the Iberian triumph over the Moors and was used to justify Spanish expansion and conquest in the New World.

Today, the inscriptions in the Temple of El Triunfo within Cusco Cathedral are difficult to read, so here they are transcribed for you:

The first inscription reads: “In this place, years later the church, where Mary Mother of God placed her foundations, showcasing her power, making this site heavenly and a victory of the battle of conquest, astonishing countless Indians, extinguishing the fire of these barbarians, protecting the Spaniards, planting the faith and converting these gentiles, choosing as patroness of her triumphant altars, year 1664.”

The second inscription states: “From this same site, the Patron of Spain, Santiago Apóstol, was seen coming forth to overthrow the barbarians in defense of the evangelical preaching, and astonished idolatry revered the Thunderbolt’s son, paying homage to the Spanish scepter in battle. Year 1664.”

Inscriptions of faith and conquest, divine assistance to solidify Spanish presence in Inca Cusco. This is how the history of one of the world’s most remarkable cities was written. You’ll see this when you’re here, walking its streets and exploring the Main Square.

6: The Cross of Calle del Medio

At the intersection of Plaza de Armas and Plaza Regocijo, on a street known as Calle del Medio due to its location, you’ll find a carved stone cross standing on a sturdy base.

This colonial-era religious symbol has a unique story recounted in Tradiciones Cusqueñas by Clorinda Matto de Turner, a key figure in Peruvian feminist and indigenist literature.

Matto de Turner’s tale reveals that the prosperous merchant Francisco Cartagena had the loyal friendship and support of Fermín Alarcón and his wife, Maruja.

Their trust was so deep that when Francisco had to leave the city for family reasons, he entrusted all his business and property to Fermín.

Years later, when Francisco returned to Cusco, he was shocked to find that his friend completely ignored him. Desperate, Francisco challenged Fermín to deny before God and at a mass that they knew each other.

Fermín did so, dishonouring his oath and attempting to deceive God. This was his grave mistake. From that moment on, Fermín’s life deteriorated, and he tragically died at the corner of Calle del Medio. The cross you see today was later erected in his memory.

After her husband’s death, Maruja, either out of fear or remorse, returned all the goods to Francisco. This marked the end of a dark chapter of betrayal and greed, and served as a lesson on the importance of loyalty and honesty.

7. The House of the Carnes Portal

In 1950, Cusco was shaken by a powerful earthquake. After the quake, an old three-story house located at the corner of Portal de Carnes and Calle Suecia had to be demolished to improve traffic flow in the Plaza de Armas.

It wasn’t the only structure affected; the adjacent arch, which allowed motor vehicle access, was replaced by a semicircular arch with three arches, which still serves as the pedestrian entrance to Calle Suecia.

The photograph shows the House of the Carnes Portal, originally known as the Portal del Comisario because it was home to the chief inquisitor. It was later renamed Portal de Carnes or Portal de Zapatos.

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In a valley where the fields are lush and the mountains stand out against the blue sky, there exists a place that disrupts this dreamlike landscape. It’s an abrupt, perhaps unexpected, and somewhat inexplicable break at first glance.

What are those stepped terraces and those flooded pools? What are those men doing with shovels and sacks? These are the questions you’ll ask yourself upon arriving at the salt flats of Maras, one of the most unusual and unique attractions in the Sacred Valley of the Incas in Cusco.

Here, there are no cities or fortresses built with gigantic stones. Nor are there agricultural terraces ‘carved’ into the hillsides or pre-Hispanic roads leading to archaeological sites that reveal the grandeur of the Incas.

In Maras, there is salt—lots of salt from an underground spring rich in minerals. Its waters flow into thousands of pools or ‘pools’ built on stepped terraces on the slope of the Qoripujio mountain.

There are over four thousand of these pools, each with a different size and shape. In this ‘swarm’ of pools, the local people collect large amounts of salt by hand. They are not the first; the extraction of this mineral dates back to pre-Hispanic times.

Maras’ pink salt is prized for its quality and purity. Its sale is a crucial source of income for the local inhabitants, who you will see working diligently as you explore the terraces that break up the valley’s landscape, creating a striking view that will leave you spellbound.

Where are the salt flats located?

To the north of Cusco and less than 50 kilometres from the ancient Inca capital, you’ll find the salt flats of Maras (in the Urubamba province). Their proximity makes it easy to access and explore the pools. Distance is no excuse. You simply must visit them!

The origin of the salt

In the Andes, there is always a legend explaining the origin of things. Regarding Maras, it is said that the salty waters of the spring are the tears of rage and helplessness from Ayar Cachi. He was imprisoned in a cave by his brothers to prevent him from becoming one of the founders of Cusco.

The legend of the Ayar brothers recounts the genesis of Inca culture. It tells of four brothers and their wives who were tasked with founding an empire. They set out together to fulfil their father the Sun’s orders, but the group dwindled due to disagreements among them.

This is the legendary origin of Maras. The scientific origin reveals that the fine pink salt comes from underground deposits formed by the evaporation of ancient seas and lakes.

These salt deposits were pushed to the surface by geological processes, along with the existing springs in the area. When you add the dry, sunny climate of the valley to these factors, you get the ideal conditions for the crystallisation of salt.

In pre-Hispanic times, terraces were built on the nearby mountain slopes to harness the salty water from the springs. These have endured to this day, as the sorrow of Ayar Cachi seems to be eternal.

Properties of Maras Salt

One hundred per cent natural and with a high mineral content—that’s the ‘secret’ of Maras pink salt, which is highly valued in gastronomy, aromatherapy, and the food industry for its unparalleled quality.

In terms of its composition, the salt extracted from the pools of Maras, a practice that dates back to ancient times, contains calcium, magnesium, potassium, and zinc, among other elements beneficial for bone health.

Due to its lower sodium content—less than that of common refined salt—it is a good alternative for individuals with high blood pressure.

With its smooth texture and slightly sweet taste, Maras salt is produced traditionally, without additives or chemical processing, making it a natural choice compared to similar products available in the markets.

How do I get to the salt flats?

Visiting the salt terraces is neither an impossible mission nor an adventure reserved for seasoned explorers. Quite the opposite. From Cusco, it’s easy to reach the village and the Maras salt flats by public transport, taxi, or through a reliable and responsible tour operator.

• By Public Transport: Head to Pavitos Street to catch the buses to Urubamba via the Chinchero route. Note that there are no direct services from Cusco to Maras. Get off at the Maras junction and take a taxi or mototaxi to the Maras salt flats. Travel time: Cusco to Maras junction, 1 hour 15 minutes (10 soles per person); Maras junction to Maras salt flats, 30 minutes (7 to 12 soles per person). Keep in mind that Maras town and the salt flats are separate places, with a distance of 5 km between them.
• By Taxi: For greater comfort and convenience, hire a private vehicle (taxi). Agree on the fare with the driver before starting the journey, and if needed, ask them to wait or pick you up. Be aware that this option will be significantly more expensive than public transport, costing between 120 and 150 soles (one way).
• By Tour: In Cusco, there are numerous travel agencies offering group or private tours to the Sacred Valley of the Incas, including Maras and other key destinations. This is an excellent choice if you prefer a complete, safe, and well-organised experience.

How much is the entrance fee?

When planning your excursion, keep in mind that Maras is not included in the Cusco Tourist Ticket. The entrance fee to the salt flats is differentiated: 20 soles for foreign tourists and 15 soles for Peruvian visitors.

The fees are set by Marasal, a private company made up of the Maras Ayllu and Pichingoto communities. The profits from salt sales and tourism activities are shared among 633 families.

Before you go, note the visiting hours: Monday to Sunday, from 7:00 to 17:00.

Nearby attractions

Adventure trails

If you enjoy walking, make the most of your visit by exploring the enticing rural trails near the salt pools. As you stroll, you’ll be accompanied by the stunning landscapes of the Sacred Valley.

Visit Moray

If you’re looking for a more immersive experience, head towards Moray, the impressive terraced agricultural site shaped like spirals or an amphitheatre, where the Incas conducted agricultural research. You can visit this attraction with the Cusco Tourist Ticket (the cost varies depending on the type of ticket purchased and whether the traveller is Peruvian or foreign).

Visit Chinchero

On your way back to Cusco, make a tourist stop in Chinchero to visit its colonial church, built atop the palace of the Inca Tupac Yupanqui. Explore the local market, where you can learn about textile arts and have the opportunity to purchase an extraordinary range of handcrafted goods.

Travel tips

• The weather in Cusco can be unpredictable and sometimes even treacherous. Always bring warm clothing, a raincoat, and sunscreen.
• In high-altitude areas, staying hydrated is crucial. Make sure to carry a good supply of water, especially if you plan to do a lot of walking.
• Protect your feet with comfortable and durable footwear. Hiking shoes or boots are preferred as they provide better stability.
• Respect the natural environment and local cultural practices. Avoid littering, follow local guidelines, and minimise your environmental impact.

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